#Pyrosim curved geom free#
We show that a necessary step of the transformation, formation of free pentagons in the clathrin network, can proceed via dislocation unbinding, driven by changes in the spontaneous curvature. 108:401-411) that suggest the transformation proceeds by changes in the chemical environment of the clathrin lattice, wherein the chemical environment determines the amount of intrinsic, or spontaneous, curvature of the network. The theory is based on in vitro cytoplasmic acidification experiments of Heuser (J. In this paper we present a physical model for the first steps of the transformation of a clathrin-coated membrane into a coated vesicle. Spontaneous-curvature theory of clathrin-coated membranes.Ĭlathrin-coated membranes are precursors to coated vesicles in the receptor-mediated endocytic pathway. Whether the HEFT manifold has positive or negative curvature can be tested by measuring the S-parameter, and the cross sections for longitudinal gauge boson and Higgs boson scattering, since the curvature (including its sign) determines deviations from Standard Model values. The Lagrangian has a non-compact O(n, 1) global symmetry group, but it gives a unitary theory as long as only a compact subgroup of the global symmetry is gauged. Here, we construct Higgs Effective Field Theory (HEFT) based on the scalar manifold Hn, which is a hyperbolic space of constant negative curvature. We then explore the energetics of catenoids with different spontaneous curvature boundary conditions and geometric asymmetries to show how heterogeneities in spontaneous curvature distribution can couple with Gaussian curvature to result in membrane necks of different geometries.Īlonso, Rodrigo Jenkins, Elizabeth E. We show how this latter quantity is responsible for non-uniform distribution of spontaneous curvature in minimal surfaces. In this case, the shape equation reduces to a variable coefficient Helmholtz equation for spontaneous curvature, where the source term is proportional to the Gaussian curvature. In this work, we seek to answer the following fundamental question: what is the relationship between protein-induced spontaneous mean curvature and the Gaussian curvature at a membrane neck? Using an augmented Helfrich model for lipid bilayers to include membrane-protein interaction, we solve the shape equation on catenoids to find the field of spontaneous curvature that satisfies mechanical equilibrium of membrane necks. "green3", "green4", "tomato", "tomato2" ) ) + scale_alpha_identity ( ) + theme_void ( ) + theme (legend.Gaussian curvature directs the distribution of spontaneous curvature on bilayer membrane necks.įormation of membrane necks is crucial for fission and fusion in lipid bilayers. Upright = TRUE ) + scale_y_continuous (limits = c ( - 5, 4 ) ) + scale_x_continuous (limits = c ( 0, 2 * pi ) ) + scale_fill_manual (values = c ( "deepskyblue3", "deepskyblue4", Label = rep ( c ( "density", "smooth", "unique", "organic",Īes (label = label ), linetype = 0, size = 4.6, color = "white", Upright = TRUE ) + geom_textpath (data = ame (x1 = seq ( 0, 2 * pi, length = 300 ), Label = rep ( c ( "stats", "effects", "polar" ), each = 100 ) ),Īes (label = label ), linetype = 0, size = 8, Ggplot ( aes ( x1, y1 ) ) + geom_rect ( aes (xmin = x1, xmax = x2, ymin = y1, ymax = y2, fill = group,Ĭolor = "white", size = 2 ) + geom_textpath (data = ame (x1 = seq ( 0, 2 * pi, length = 300 ), The line-based geoms in ggplot all have two equivalents in this package: ggplot geomĮach of these aims to replicate all the functionality of the equivalent ggplot2 function, but with direct text labels that follow the shape of the lines drawn.įor the special case of geom_sf, which draws different shapes based on the geometry objects drawn, the equivalent geom_textsf and geom_labelsf, will identify and label the linestring components (typically rivers and roads), without attempting to label polygons. Just as geom_path is the foundation for several other geoms in ggplot2, so too are geom_textpath and geom_labelpath the foundation of the other geoms in this package. Of course, the point of this package is not to produce such graphical novelties, but to provide an easy and visually appealing way to present your data. Z = "A curved textbox on an arbitrary path" ) ggplot ( df, aes ( x, y, label = z ) ) + geom_labelpath (size = 5, fill = "#F6F6FF" )